In: Ito R, Krueger A, editors. Sociology 1502 - Chapter 18 In an age of high resolution, portable printers, and camera phones, the Polaroids appeal to some has something to do with ideas of nostalgia and authenticity. Careers, Unable to load your collection due to an error. Thus, the results from our core/semi-periphery/periphery subcomponents analysis support divergence. Monfort P. Convergence of EU Regions: Measures and Evolution. ), we observed a set of k variables1 each year for each country being considered in the analysis. Recent convergence theorists address this issue by clarifying their beliefs. Organic convergence is multimedia multitasking, or the natural outcome of a diverse media world. List of examples of convergent evolution WebWe analyze convergence across countries over the last half century as a result of globalizing forces. I highly recommend you use this site! This restricted economic growth until the power of the wealthy plantation owners was challenged (Sokoloff and Engerman 2000). Fourth, we include the financial dimension, which figures prominently in analyses of modernization and dependency (Evans 1979; Gereffi and Wyman, 1990; Haggard, 1990). Following the observation by modernization theorists that international capital is not an essential condition for economic takeoff but a sign of maturity (Rostow 1960:49), we use inward foreign direct investment as a percentage of GDP as an indicator of the politys openness to, and ability to cope with, foreign influence and decision making. North Korea c. England d. Canada Learn more about how Pressbooks supports open publishing practices. WebWhich country serves as an example of convergence? a. Singapore b. Think of a nation as a Fortune 500 company. Ask an expert Back to top Corresponding textbook Introduction to Sociology | 2nd Edition We propose to look at the problem in terms of changes over time in distances between pairs of nation-states, which determine the volume (or size) of the world. which country serves as an example of convergence a WebDefine convergence as it relates to mass media and provide some examples of convergence youve observed in your life. This is the smallest ellipsoid that contains all the points, and it thus is a good estimate of the size of the world in 2007 in terms of the financial dimension. WebWhich country serves as an example of convergence? Ertur C, LeGallo J, Baumont C. The European Regional Convergence Process, 19801995. Regionalism Versus Multilateral Trade Arrangements. Explaining the Global Digital Divide: Economic, Political and Sociological Drivers of Cross-National Internet Use. Small States in World Markets: Industrial Policy in Europe. Ch. 18, Work & the Economy Four groups of scholars, however, have challenged the theoretical premises underlying the argument that globalization leads to convergence. The more interdependent that they become, the more similar their cultural norms will become. Inquiry & Communication as the Foundation of Learning, Theoretical Perspectives on Health & Medicine. United Kingdom, EC1M 7AD, Leverage Edu 2005; Polillo and Guilln 2005), coercion (Henisz et al. These volumes are qualitatively very similar to those in Figure 3, and a Kendalls tau trend test for these volumes once again indicates a lack of convergence for all distance dimensions. In order for that company to function, it needs to develop a network of suppliers and distributors in order to be successful. The first modern trade bloc was the German Zollverein of 1834, which created a customs union among the various German-speaking principalities. In studying the economies of developing countries to see if they go through the same stages as previously developed nations did, sociologists have observed a pattern they call convergence. Now, Ben is very antiimmigration and campaigns for large-scale deportation of Mexican nationals, even though, logically, their presence does not harm him and their absence will not restore his Chapter 18 Sociology (Module 4 Exam In Economic convergence large companies use old and new media to their advantage by selling merchandise or the rights of the product. The most important is that it measures joint convergence across multiple variables, which sets it apart from previous methodologies that focus on convergence in single variables (e.g., GDP per capita). 1999:431), thus casting doubt on the argument that countries are converging. In the 1970s and 80s world-system theorists also cast doubt on the modernization thesis. Which country serves as an example of convergence? Trend Test for Within Core, Semi-periphery, and Periphery Volumes, 19602009. Some examples of convergence theory include Russia and Vietnam, formerly purely communist countries that have eased away from strict communist doctrines as the economies in other countries, such as the United States, have burgeoned. North Korea c. England d. Canada Step-by-step solution This problem hasnt been solved yet! Describe the impact a rapidly growing economy can have on families. Second, we consider the demographic dimension because of the prominent place it occupies in analyses of the modernization of societies, and specifically of the labor force (Kerr et al. Ben lost his job when General Motors closed US factories and opened factories in Mexico. These strategies each indicate that our MVE measure is not adversely affected by potential outlier countries. This effect has been theorized and documented by both economists (Feenstra, Hanson and Swenson, 2000), and sociologists (Biggart and Guilln 1999). Communication, Computing and Content as all three are integrated through technology. Which country serves as an example of convergence 17 Singapore Which is an from SOCI 200 at DISD. We start by discussing the core/semi-periphery/periphery results. Firebaugh G, Goesling B. We compute a different (t,t) pair for each year and then calculate the associated ellipsoid volume for each year between 1960 and 2009. Lastly, we analyzed the volumes generated by the three member countries of NAFTA. 2000; Kentor 2008). Review the viewpoints of Henry Jenkins, Steven Johnson, and Nicholas Carr. Though the existence of divergence varies from one trade bloc pair to another, these results demonstrate significant evidence of divergence over time across several distance dimensions. North Korea c. England d. Canada First, we grouped countries into core, semi-periphery and periphery categories following Kentor (2008). Though not reported below, the MVE volume calculations for each of the distance dimensions over time show no trends of smaller volumes (similar to Figure 3). Define convergence as it relates to mass media and provide some examples of convergence youve observed in your life. It is when new technologies are created and take over from past technologies and perform the same task in a more efficient manner. In non-mathematical terms, we are simply estimating the size of the smallest ellipsoid (a multidimensional generalization of an ellipse) that contains all country points in the world. Improved economies generally lead to wider social improvement. However, its still difficult to predict how media convergence and immersion are affecting culture, society, and individual brains. Figure 3 shows that world volumes have increased over time for the economic, demographic, knowledge, and financial dimensions. Do Spatial Regimes and Spatial Dependence Matter? Describe the five types of convergence identified by Henry Jenkins and provide an example of each type that youve noted in your own experience. a. Singapore b. In studying the economies of developing countries to see if they go through the same stages as previously developed nations did, sociologists have observed a pattern they call convergence. Media Convergence has proven beneficial for small and large businesses both as well as have provided us with the rapid accessibility and availability of information and content at the touch of our screen. Rent-Seeking Behavior Concept & Examples | What is Rent Seeking? Another appealing property is that it is not affected by affine transformations of the raw data, which means that the measure is scale-invariant and robust to linear combinations of the k component variables.3 This is particularly useful for our purposes since the k variables are in general measured in different units and are correlated. The sharp ups and downs since the mid-2000s are mostly due to the extreme economic and financial conditions prevalent before, during, and after the global crisis. Future studies could make a contribution by developing new theoretical models that incorporate both nodal and inter-nodal arguments and variables. Ben lost his job when General Motors closed US factories and opened factories in Mexico. We follow Quahs (1993) advice of using a distributional or dispersion-based measure instead.4. Polillo S, Guilln MF. Webwhich country serves as an example of convergence. We then considered whether the countries in three customs unionswhich entail tighter economic integration than a free trade areahave converged over time. Paul Keller nigerian VCDs at kwakoe CC BY 2.0. Industries and organizations across the world have started transforming their methods and have merged the many types of media for better functioning and growth. [3] Another example is the South Pacific convergence zone that extends from the western Pacific Ocean toward French Polynesia. As a library, NLM provides access to scientific literature. Jenkins, Henry. The most popular examples of Media Convergence are: Smartphones (converging camera, music, the internet, books, and all other media together) This means the workforce needs continual training and retraining. For a given distance dimension (e.g. For the financial dimension we include private credit as a percent of GDP, stock market capitalization (% of GDP), and the number of publicly listed companies as indicators, following the emphasis in the modernization and dependency literatures of the changing role of different types of enterprises and of financing over the course of economic development (Kerr et al. Free Trade Agreements and the Governance of the Global Trading System. Kendalls tau, however, is less restrictive due to its ordinal nature. Thus, we predict that. They noted that industrialized nations develop similarities in some aspects, but not in all areas, such as the use of similar technologies and the daily lives of individuals. Chase-Dunn C, Kawano Y, Brewer B. A fourth argument casting doubt on unfettered convergence is the world-society approach, which observed a decoupling between formal structures and outcomes. The content producers can specifically target the best audience or group they are aiming towards by publishing customized content. It transforms the modes of communication, news reporting, and journalism. Frame (d) shows the subcomponent ellipsoids along with the world ellipsoid. Capitalism and Underdevelopment in Latin America. Inglehart R, Baker WE. Ghemawat P. Semiglobalization and international business strategy. WebWhich country serves as an example of convergence? Although important to modernization analyses (Rostow 1960; Apter 1965; Kerr et al. There are several theoretical mechanisms that can potentially account for these effects, including incomplete globalization, institutional path dependency, and specialization-driven differentiation. The most popular examples of Media Convergence are: Smartphones (converging camera, music, the internet, books, and all other media together) Early convergence theorists believed that even countries that are polar opposites in their views on economic development (like communist and capitalist nations) will develop along the same path. CONVERGENCE Population Studies Center, 239 McNeil Building, 3718 Locust Walk, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104. ch 18 Note: Test statistics are Kendalls tau estimates of rank correlation between trade bloc volumes and time. Rather, they propose that it is a fragmented, incomplete, discontinuous, contingent, and in many ways contradictory and puzzling process (Gilpin 2000:294; Guidry et al. Dependency, world-system, and political-economic trade-bloc theories emphasize the emergence of a multi-layered world as a result of economic and sociopolitical development, one in which countries within each subcomponentdeveloped/developing, core/semi-periphery/periphery, or trade blocsbecome more similar to one another while each subcomponent becomes more distinct than the others. Convergence theory is closely related to modernization theory in the 1950s and 60s. Media convergence has also made communication better thus making our society more globalised though it has resulted in our unhealthy addiction to our devices too. Note: Test statistics are Kendalls tau estimates of rank correlation between dyadic distances and time. Influential musician Thurston Moore of the band Sonic Youth recently claimed that he only listens to music on cassette. Some of its key features are: This concept of media convergence occurs when two or more cultures adopt each others traits and become more alike. Market-Oriented Infrastructure Reforms, 19771999. The Globalization of Markets, Harvard Business Review. Some theorists believe that convergence and new-media technologies make people smarter by requiring them to make decisions and interact with the media theyre consuming; others fear the digital age is giving us access to more information but leaving us shallower. Based on those dyadic distances, we calculated volumes over time and assessed to what extent there was convergence or divergence across countries using a battery of empirical dimensions. The Borderless World: Power and Strategy in the Interlinked Economy. Thus option (A) is correct. National income, measured by GDP per capita, is the key variable in both modernization and dependency research because it epitomizes modernity given that it suggests the existence of a previously developed, complex standard of measurement of income and expenditures, investment and consumption (Apter 1965:72). Reading: Theoretical Perspectives on Economics Introduction to Business: Homework Help Resource, Crowding Out in Economics: Definition & Effects, Psychological Research & Experimental Design, All Teacher Certification Test Prep Courses, The Dynamic Business Environment: Homework Help, Homework Help for Social Responsibility and Ethical Behavior in Business, Circular Flow of Economic Activity: The Flow of Goods, Services & Resources, Capitalism and the Free Market: Definition & Limitations, Competition Within Free Markets: Types & Summary, Understanding Socialism, Communism, and Mixed Economies: Comparison & Analysis, Gross Domestic Product: Definition and Components, Defining and Measuring the Unemployment Rate, The Business Cycle: Economic Performance Over Time, Productivity: The Economy's Long-Run Growth Engine, Consumer Price Index: Measuring the Cost of Living and Inflation, Recession vs. Depression: Definitions and Differentiation, How Fiscal Policy and Monetary Policy Affect the Economy, What is the Law of Demand in Economics? Which country serves as an example of convergence? Singapore Ben lost his job when General Motors closed U.S. factories and opened factories in Mexico. This number is positive and statistically significant, indicating that the demographic distance between the core and semi-periphery has increased over time. Rostow (1960) proposed that nation-states evolve from undeveloped to developed via five stages as long as the right value incentives are in place: traditional society, preconditions for take-off, take-off, maturity, and high mass-consumption. Based on these arguments about globalization and pressures for convergence, we formulate the general prediction: Hypothesis 1a: Since the mid-20th century, globalizing forces have encouraged convergence across countries over time. The .gov means its official. Media Convergence Trade blocs have often resulted in pressures to initiate political reforms (as in Southern and Eastern Europe prior to accessing the EU), enhanced power in global trade negotiations, and an extension of influence over weaker nation-states, especially in the developing world (Mansfield and Milner 1999). government site. Let Vt k be the set of k-dimensional country points in year t (as in Figure 1a). An extreme, and currently nonexistent, example of technological convergence would be the so-called black box, which would combine all the functions of previously distinct technology and would be the device through which wed receive all our news, information, entertainment, and social interaction. Convergence zone Chapter 18 The need for certain highly skilled positions combined with the relative difficulty of the occupation and the length of time it takes to qualify will result in a higher reward for that job and will provide a financial motivation to engage in more education and a more difficult profession (Davis and Moore 1945). Bayoumi T, Eichengreen B. We focus the attention on economic, demographic, knowledge, financial, and political dimensions, for which there are reasonably complete data available between 1960 and 2009 for a large number of countries. which country serves as an example of convergence a Cultural convergence has several aspects. Nigerias cinema industry, nicknamed Nollywood, takes its cues from Indias Bollywood, which is in turn inspired by Hollywood in the United States. Sociology chapter 18 a. Singapore b. It is the horizontal integration of the entertainment industry companies such as Sony, AOL, Time Warner now has an interest in film, TV books, games, and the internet, music real estate, etc. Each response should be a minimum of one paragraph. Continuity and Change in Contemporary Capitalism. Bond R, Hoeffler A, Temple J. GMM Estimation of Empirical Growth Models. WebWhich country serves as an example of convergence? Convergence Theory The results concerning the EU and the Eurozone are sobering given the troubles and fragmentation presently afflicting that part of the world. A Reconsideration of Changing Intercountry Inequality in Fertility. Technological convergence is the combination of computing, communication, and content around networked digital media platforms. What is convergence? 5A regression of volumes on time shows similar patterns of rejection. Each stage was seen as a prerequisite for the next because new political, economic, and social institutions were supposed to make possible ever more economically advanced and differentiated activities over time. Based on a variety of empirical models, a consensus has emerged in the political economy literature that regional trade agreements are trade-creating for member states, but could lead to trade diversion or destruction relative to non-members (Thursby and Thursby 1987; Frankel and Rose 2000; Rose 2000). Please verify. Webconvergence, in mathematics, property (exhibited by certain infinite series and functions) of approaching a limit more and more closely as an argument (variable) of the function increases or decreases or as the number of terms of the series increases. If we are using all of these variables to determine the worlds volume, we would ideally like to measure the volume on a de-correlated scale. Ben lost his job when General Motors closed U.S. factories and opened factories in Mexico. Trade Globalization since 1795: Waves of Integration in the World-System. What questions do they ask? Cultural convergence is when stories flow across several kinds of media platforms and when readers or viewers can comment on, alter, or otherwise talk back to culture. Mauro F. Guillen, The Wharton School, 212 Lauder-Fischer Hall, 256 South 37th Street, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, ude.nnepu.notrahw@nelliug. xenophobia Ben lost his job when General Motors closed U.S. factories and opened factories in Mexico. lessons in math, English, science, history, and more. Note: All volume time series are calculated using MVE method and are scaled to equal 1 in 2006. We will help you in choosing the Top Mass Communication Colleges but also will help you to choose the right career path! Or a librarys card catalog? Our main finding is that countries have not evolved significantly closer or similar to one another, although groups of countries based on their core-periphery status or membership in trade blocs exhibit increasing internal convergence and divergence from one another. We conducted several robustness checks, finding that the MVE volume measure is positively correlated with both the mean-based and median-based volume measures.6 Since the median-based volume measure is less sensitive to outliers, the positive correlation implies that inference based on the MVE measure is not heavily influenced by outlying countries. Media Convergence unites these 3Cs of Computing, Communications and Content and is an immediate result of digitization and promotion of the Internet. Now I zip along the surface like a guy on a Jet Ski (Carr, 2010). Carr cites neuroscience studies showing that when people try to do two things at once, they give less attention to each and perform the tasks less carefully. The process of convergent movement, particularly toward union or homogeneity. National Library of Medicine 1960; Lipset 1959). The Andean Community and the Mercosur did not have enough data to calculate volumes for the demographic dimension. North Korea c. England d. Canada Select one: a. Singapore b. 8We calculated the Mahalanobis distance between each country point and the arithmetic mean of all NAFTA country points. For each bloc, we took into account the year of entry by each country. Plus, get practice tests, quizzes, and personalized coaching to help you Now, Ben is very antiimmigration and campaigns for large-scale deportation of Mexican nationals, even though, logically, their presence does not harm him and their absence will not restore his job. A countrys university enrollments, the number of patents a country issues, and the number of scientific articles a country publishes are highly correlated. Convergence zone a. Singapore b. Which country serves as an example of convergence Drawing on theories of modernization, dependency, the world-system, political trade blocs, and the world-society, we consider economic, demographic, knowledge, financial, and political dimensions of convergence. Chapter 18 Sociology (Module 4 Exam We have compiled some of the basic fundamentals of Technological convergence below: Just like the general definition of Economic convergence which suggests that countries with lower GDPs are going to grow faster than countries with higher GDP, the Economic media convergence allows a single company to target larger interest groups through various kinds of media. and transmitted securely. Previous research has proposed five basic globalizing mechanisms that can produce convergence across countries, including competition (Dobbin et al. Developing Difference: Social Organization and the Rise of the Auto Industries of South Korea, Taiwan, Spain, and Argentina. The MVE has been used in the robust statistics literature for both outlier detection and robust regression (see Rousseeuw and Leroy 1987). The Divergence of Economic and Coercive Power in the World Economy 1960 to 2000: A Measure of Nation-State Position. Web8. Lastly, we analyze the political dimension given the emphasis by modernization theorists on changes tending towards representative forms of government (Apter 1965; Kerr et al. For example, Media journalism. Expert Help. Singapore. Television and telephone systems are a good example. - Definition, Pros & Cons, Working Scholars Bringing Tuition-Free College to the Community. 1. Which country serves as an example of convergence? Singapore For example, Rupert Murdochs News Corporation is involved in book publishing (HarperCollins), newspapers (. There are other reasons why trade agreements generate convergence within the bloc but divergence across blocs. As a further robustness check, we trimmed 10%, 20%, and then 30% of country-points that lie on the boundary of the MVE and found that the lack of convergence result is robust to potential outlying countries for each of the five dimensions. Which country serves as an example of convergence 17 Singapore Which is an | Course Hero. Since the MVE measure is an index, the constant multiple is irrelevant and would not affect our inference (proof available upon request).
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